how to find caves in rust

Rust is a chemical reaction that can ruin your favorite tools and toys. But you can avoid it, and even reverse it.

rust rusty pipe JJSINA/Shutterstock

What Causes Rust to Form?

Rust wreaks havoc on your bike, shower curtain rod and iron patio furniture. We know that unsightly and often messy reddish- or yellowish-brown flaky coating on some of our favorite metal kitchen, garden and workshop tools and toys all too well. But to really understand it and prevent it, you need to know the science of it.

Oxidation Reaction

Rust results from a reaction called oxidation, in which iron reacts with water and oxygen to form hydrated iron (III) oxide. Essentially, the metal is naturally returning to its unrefined state. Learn how to remove rust with electrolysis.

Because iron and oxygen have opposite charges, they gravitate toward each other. But this results in iron losing electrons to oxygen atoms (oxidation), and the result is that flaky coating.

The process can be sped up various ways (and ones that you should learn to avoid!), like nature's minerals, chemicals and temperature fluctuations. That's why leaving a bike or gardening tools outside instead of in the garage is a bad idea.

How To Prevent Rust

Because allowing iron, water and oxygen to intermingle creates the unwanted reaction that can harm your stuff, the best way to prevent that is to keep them apart.

Keep your favorite metal stuff inside when not in use, and make sure it is completely dry when storing it away. Another tip: Use spray-on wax and oil coatings for your tools and toys.

Plus, here's how to remove rust from concrete.

How To Reverse Rust Formation

If you do get rust on something, don't fret just yet! You can reverse the reaction by using lemon juice (citric acid) or vinegar (acetic acid).

The Farmers' Almanac also suggests using potatoes, especially for de-rusting your knives: "Sprinkle a little salt or baking soda onto the potato and then rub it over the rust spot, or just insert the knife into a potato and let it sit. The oxalic acid in the potato helps to dissolve the rust."

Do you have rust spots on your car? Here's how to repair rust on a car.